Schwab U.S. Dividend Equity (SCHD) is a passively managed exchange-traded fund that homes in on high-quality income-producing stocks. The fund's index is composed of large, liquid companies that have paid dividends in each of the past 10 years, and it requires constituents to earn high marks on four fundamental metrics: cash flow/debt, return on equity, dividend yield and dividend growth. The resulting portfolio is one of the highest-quality among all U.S. large-cap dividend-oriented ETFs. Also, SCHD charges a 0.07% expense ratio, which makes it the least expensive dividend-oriented ETF available. This fund's high-quality portfolio and low cost make it a suitable core equity holding.
The fund can also be used in a more targeted fashion as a source of equity income in U.S. dollars. Relative to its large-cap dividend-oriented peers, this fund will likely generate an income stream that is more stable and that should grow with time. This is reflective of the methodology of its underlying benchmark, which specifically targets high-quality, steady dividend payers, and is not--as some of competing funds' benchmarks are--tuned to isolate constituents exclusively on the basis of high current and/or prospective payouts or yields.
Fundamental view
Dividends have been shown to be the most meaningful and reliable contributor to long-run stock returns. But not all dividends, or dividend funds, are created equal. Long-term investors with either total-return or income-specific objectives should focus on the quality of the underlying enterprises, as this will ultimately dictate the long-term stability and growth of these firms' dividends.
In their 2013 paper, Quality Minus Junk, Cliff Asness, Andrea Frazzini and Lasse Pedersen state that quality stocks are safe, profitable, growing, and have high payout ratios. Their research showed that high-quality stocks have generated better risk-adjusted returns over time and across 24 countries than their lower-quality counterparts, or "junk" stocks in the authors' words.
SCHD's quality tilt can be measured in multiple ways. Regressing the fund's historical returns against a variety of risk factors shows that SCHD's loading on the quality factor is greater than that of almost all other dividend-oriented ETFs. The Morningstar Economic Moat Rating is another useful way to gauge the quality of an equity portfolio. Wide-moat stocks are those that Morningstar analysts believe to possess sustainable competitive advantages, and as such, will likely earn returns on invested capital in excess of their cost of capital over the long term. During the past three years, stocks constituting 63% of the value of SCHD's portfolio received a wide moat rating from our analysts, on average. This is the highest allocation to wide-moat names among all dividend-oriented ETFs.
The prices of quality stocks tend to be less volatile than the broad market and are particularly resilient during times of crisis. However, the weaknesses of some dividend-oriented indexes were exposed in 2008, when many of them had concentrated exposure to the financial-services sector. These funds' dividends subsequently withered as the sector bottomed out in 2009. SCHD was launched in October 2011, and although its index has back-tested data dating to Dec. 31, 1998, its live calculation began in August 2011. Back-tested data show that the benchmark's maximum drawdown during the 2008-09 bear market was 44.5%. This compares with the S&P 500's 51.0% drawdown and the Russell 1000 Value Index's 56.3%. While this is a good indication of how this fund may have performed in the crisis period, investors should view back-tested data with a healthy dose of skepticism.
Portfolio construction
This fund tracks the Dow Jones U.S. Dividend 100 Index. The index selects its constituents from a universe of the 2,500 largest U.S. stocks, excluding REITs, master limited partnerships, preferred stocks and convertibles. Constituents must have 10 consecutive years of dividend payments, a minimum float-adjusted market cap of US$500 million, and a minimum three-month average daily trading volume of US$2 million. The remaining stocks are ranked in descending order by their indicated annual dividend yield, and those in the bottom half are eliminated.
The remaining stocks are then ranked by four fundamental characteristics: cash flow/total debt, return on equity, dividend yield and five-year dividend-growth rate. Each stock is ranked based on an equal-weighted composite of these four scores. The top 100-ranked stocks are included in the index and weighted by their market cap. Individual stocks are capped at 4.5% of the index, and sectors are capped at 25%. The index is reviewed quarterly and rebalanced annually. In order to keep turnover low, Dow Jones keeps stocks in the index as long as their composite scores remain in the top 200 of the eligible universe.
The result is a high-quality portfolio of mega-cap names that is--as of this writing--massively overweight in the consumer defensive and technology sectors versus its category peers and benchmark, the Russell 1000 Value Index.
Fees
This fund's expense ratio is 0.07%, making it the least expensive dividend-oriented ETF available. The fund's estimated holding cost, which measures the degree to which an ETF's performance may deviate from that of its benchmark over a given year, has historically hovered around 0.13%. If a fund's estimated holding cost is near its expense ratio, as is the case with SCHD, it indicates that the fund is tracking its index well. This fund does not engage in securities lending.
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